Wednesday, March 15, 2006 

Now you can google Mars


Space buffs can now visit Mars and feel what it must be like to explore the towering mountains, layered canyon walls and meandering channels of the Red Planet without having to worry about its freezing temperatures and tenuous atmosphere.

With the help of Google Mars (mars.google.com) it is possible to soar over the grandest canyon in the solar system, Valles Marineris, visit the giant volcano Olympus Mons, which is three times taller than Everest, or inspect the landing sites for the two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity.

Sunday, March 05, 2006 

Holographic Displays

Floating adverts could be created using the instrument (Image: AIST)

The night sky could soon be lit up with gigantic three-dimensional adverts, thanks to a Japanese laser display that creates glowing images in thin air.

The system is being developed by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Tokyo, in collaboration with Burton Inc and Keio University.

“We believe this technology may eventually be used in applications ranging from pyrotechnics to outdoor advertising,” says a spokesman for AIST. According to Burton Inc, the technology might also be used for emergency distress signals or even temporary road signs.

The display utilises an ionisation effect which occurs when a beam of laser light is focused to a point in air. The laser beam itself is invisible to the human eye but, if the intensity of the laser pulse exceeds a threshold, the air breaks down into glowing plasma that emits visible light.

The required intensity can only be achieved by very short, powerful laser pulses – each plasma dot, or "flashpoint", lasts for only about a nanosecond. But the resulting image appears to last longer due to persistence of vision. As with film and television, the impression of a continuous image is maintained by refreshing the flashpoints.

Zap, crackle and pop

The demonstration system uses an infra-red laser that creates a hundred flashpoints per second. Currently, these can be projected between two and three metres from the apparatus, in a space of about a cubic metre. Each flashpoint generates a popping sound, resulting in a constant crackling when the display is in operation.
Previous systems used galvanometric mirrors to control the focal point of the beam in two dimensions, to create only 2D images. But the new system adds a high-speed linear motor moving a lens to also control the focal point of the laser in a third dimension, allowing solid shapes to be sketched out.

The device has already been used to generate a swarm of virtual butterflies (Image: AIST)

The researchers behind the demonstration system plan to upgrade it to a higher pulsing rate, which should produce more dots and so smoother images. Future versions should also include moving pictures and AIST claims it should be possible to scale the system up to produce displays of any size. However, only white flashpoints can be created so a colour display will not be possible.

 

The Other Side of Infinity

Video game technology and Einstein's work on relativity may at first seem as unlikely a couple as Oscar and Felix.

"What if you could take people through a wormhole the way Einstein's equations said it would be?" he said in interview in his office on the Boulder campus. "And what if you could bring art and science together in a way that compromised neither?"

That is where black holes come in. Dr. Hamilton's (Andrew J. S. Hamilton, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Colorado) marriage of video game software and relativity, which he has fashioned into a "Black Hole Flight Simulator," is at the heart of a new show at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science that takes viewers on a 23-minute thrill ride to what the program notes call "the other side of infinity."

The show is built on the crunching of numbers that even a black hole might envy: some segments produced by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois required 90 hours of supercomputer calculation for each second on screen.

The central goal, Dr. Hamilton said, is both simple and mind-bendingly paradoxical: to visualize what cannot be seen.

Because not even light can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole, the interior of a hole is perhaps the ultimate terra incognita. The absence of light coming out means an absence of all information. Most of what science knows about these objects is thus entirely inferential — from gravitational effects on other objects like nearby stars.

The simulator, to be featured this year in a "Nova" program on PBS about black holes, seeks to lift the veil. Using Einstein's equations and a graphics language called Open GL, developed by Silicon Graphics, Dr. Hamilton told the computer to show how individual vectors of light should behave at the no-man's frontier of the black hole, called the event horizon, and inside the hole itself.

That meant not only creating a visual representation of Einstein's work, but also in a real sense creating from scratch a world that cannot be known. "When I started this, I had no idea what would emerge from the equations," Mr. Hamilton said. Part of the thrill was the exploration. The computer would go where the human mind by itself could not.

Thursday, March 02, 2006 

Apple MacBook Pro

The new Apple MacBook Pro ($2,000 and up) looks nearly identical to the company's existing 15-inch PowerBook, but something radical is going on under the hood.

Apple high-end laptops are beautiful, thin and light, clad in scuff-hiding aluminum and crammed with features: Wi-Fi wireless networking, Bluetooth wireless, DVD burning, light-up keys for typing in the dark, stereo speakers, batteries with illuminated "fuel gauges" and more. But the speed of Apple's laptops has only inched forward in recent years, largely because of its processor chips, made by International Business Machines and Freescale.

Apple made the eyebrow-raising decision, therefore, to replace that chip family with chips from another company you may have heard of: Intel.

Changing chip families in a computer is not as simple as changing a CD in your stereo. The entire operating system and every single software program must be rewritten, which can take weeks or months.

But Apple deemed the big transition to be worth the effort. In return, it gets the state of the art in laptop horsepower: Intel's new Core Duo chip, which bears two electronic brains instead of one. By the end of this year, every Macintosh model will receive an Intel brain transplant.

Early this year, Apple put an Intel chip into the iMac; on Tuesday, into the Mac Mini; and this week, the first Mac laptop containing the Intel processor is reaching customers: the MacBook Pro, which measures 15 inches, or 38 centimeters. Why do Mac fans despise the new name? Partly because all those harsh consonants - K, K, P - make the name uglier and harder to say.

Apple calls the MacBook "the finest laptop in the world." In truth, a more accurate description would be "the finest laptop in the world, with a small serving of disappointment on the side."

The one-inch-thick MacBook is only 0.1 inch thinner than the PowerBook, but it somehow feels worlds sleeker and more futuristic. Fit, finish and quality are spectacular. The wireless antenna has been moved, so Wi-Fi reception is much improved. The guts, from the bus (circuitry) to the graphics card, have been substantially accelerated. Battery life is pretty much the same as on the PowerBooks: three to three and a half hours.

The MacBook trumps its predecessor in five substantial areas. First, the gorgeous 1,440-by-900-pixel screen is much whiter and brighter. At half brightness, it matches the brightest setting of other laptops; at full brightness, it could illuminate a runway.

Second, a tiny video camera is tucked inconspicuously above the screen. It's ideal for taking Web pictures, capturing video or using the iChat program, which lets you conduct smooth, full-screen videoconferences with as many as three other people over the Internet - free.

The third enhancement is a slim finger-length remote control. You can use it to operate the MacBook from across the room. In addition, there's a new power cord, which attaches to the laptop magnetically, so if someone trips on the cord. your $2,000 computer doesn't crash to the floor.

The biggest change of all, though, is in the MacBook's speed. It's nothing like the 4X or 5X speedup measured by Apple's benchmarks. Even so, this machine flies. It starts up fast, programs open fast, iTunes imports CDs fast, iMovie processes high-definition video fast, and Web pages blink onto the screen, fully formed.

Note, though, that all of that speed is available only when you're using programs that have been revised to work with the Intel chip - so-called Universal programs. In that category, you'll find Mac OS X itself; all of the programs that come with the MacBook; more than 900 programs from other companies; and, later this month, Apple's professional programs - Final Cut, Aperture and so on.

Unfortunately, most of the big-name programs, like Microsoft Office and Adobe everything, won't be released in Universal format for quite some time. These older programs still run acceptably on the MacBook, but they run slowly, with pauses here and there.

But Apple always giveth and taketh away. This time around, Apple hath taken away quite a few PowerBook features. The S-video connector, for high- quality TV playback of movies, is gone. The FireWire 800 connector, for high- speed hard drives, is also missing. The DVD burner is only half as fast as the previous model (4X instead of 8X) and can no longer burn dual-layer DVD discs. Current PC expansion cards don't work or fit in the new narrow-format ExpressCard slot.

Over all, the MacBook Pro is a beautifully engineered machine.

But in so many ways, it is just a forward-thinking laptop. It won't achieve true greatness until the important programs have been rewritten for the Core Duo chip's blazing speed, expansion cards for the new slot are available and wireless Internet is offered by every hotel, bed-and-breakfast and friend's house. Until then, call it the MacBook Po - for Potential.